The Relationship between Energy Consumption and Economic Growth in the Baltic Countries’ Agriculture: A Non-Linear Framework

The development of a country’s economy is directly related to the use energy in that economic sectors. Therefore, energy–environmental Kuznets curve (EEKC) often used when analysing potential and challenges sustainable development, green economy, growth. This hypothesis tests whether there an inverse “U”-shaped relationship between growth especially important developing countries assess if, at certain point, begins drop, resulting fewer greenhouse gas emissions, environmental degradation, consumption fossil-based fuels. study aims examine Baltic States from 1995 2019, with focus on agriculture sector. uses non-linear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL) model for individual panel time series. Total use, as well electricity included study, whereas gross value added employed measure Research data analysis reveals all three stabilises increases. However, insufficient evidence show after drop; thus, rejected. results have practical implications regarding countries’ policies toward energy, including development.